HIV-1 Immune evasion: The main obstacle toward a successful vaccine

HIV/AIDS fact sheet: World Health Organization 2017; Ref.: https://goo.gl/8Wuxhk

Sidibé M. UNAIDS DATA 2017. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); 2017; Ref.: https://goo.gl/U7641S

Barry SM, Lora AJM, Novak RM. Trial, Error, and Breakthrough: A Review of HIV Vaccine Development. AIDS Clin Res. 2014; 5: 359. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4pPrLz

Hütter G ND, Mossner M, Ganepola S, Müssig A, Allers K, et al. Long-term control of HIV by CCR5 Delta32/Delta32 stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 692-698. Ref.: https://goo.gl/E4qunw

Taylor BS, Hammer SM. The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359:1965-1966. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FgT14G

Richman DD, Wrin T, Little SJ, Petropoulos CJ. Rapid evolution of the neutralizing antibody response to HIV type 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100: 4144-4149. Ref.: https://goo.gl/89SNDg

Koup RA, Safrit JT, Cao Y, Andrews CA, McLeod G, et al. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol. 1994; 68: 4650-4655. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FHYMRv

Maartens G, Celum C, Lewin SR. HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Lancet. 2014; 384: 258-271. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4HvPZ4

Tanser F, Bärnighausen T, Grapsa E, Zaidi J, Newell ML. High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Science. 2013; 339: 966-971. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TJe3n3

Finzi D, Blankson J, Siliciano JD, Margolick JB, Chadwick K, et al. Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy Nat Med 1999; 5: 512-517. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bVadxx

Corey L, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Pantaleo G, et al. Immune correlates of vaccine protection against HIV-1 acquisition. Sci Transl Med. 2015; 7: 310. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RRWWRe

Rappuoli R, Aderem A. A 2020 vision for vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. Nature. 2011; 473: 463-469. Ref.: https://goo.gl/76NKfh

Hearps AC, Jans DA. Regulating the functions of the HIV-1 matrix protein. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2007; 23: 341-346. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fjrqG6

Frankel AD, Young JA. HIV-1: fifteen proteins and an RNA. Annual review of biochemistry. 1998; 67: 1-25. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UnKhha

Rolland M. HIV-1 immune evasion-a threat to effective vaccines? Nat Med. 2016; 7; 22: 580-581. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WVjzVr

Malim MH, Emerman M. HIV-1 accessory proteinsensuring viral survival in a hostile environment. Cell Host and Microbe. 2008; 3: 388–398. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fK2mhV

Guha D, Ayyavoo V. Innate Immune Evasion Strategies by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2013: 1-10. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cz7kgs

Goto T, Kennel SJ, Abe M, Takishita M, Kosaka M, et al. A novelmembrane antigen selectively expressed on terminally differentiated human B cells. Blood. 1994; 84: 1922–1930,. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HDsvqL

McMichael AJ1, Borrow P, Tomaras GD, Goonetilleke N, Haynes BF. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development. Nature Reviews Immunology Letters. 2010; 10: 11-23. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FX6jxc

Agrati C1, D'Offizi G, Gougeon ML, Malkovsky M, Sacchi A, et al. Innate gamma/delta T-cells during HIV infection: terra relatively incognita in novel vaccination strategies? AIDS Reviews. 2011; 13: 3–12. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KpPjM4

Keele BF1, Giorgi EE, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Decker JM, Pham KT, et al. Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008; 105: 7552–7557. Ref.: https://goo.gl/hQko8y

Zhang Y, Li J, Li Q. Immune Evasion of Enteroviruses Under Innate Immune Monitoring. Front Microbiol. 2018; 14; 9: 1866. Ref.: https://goo.gl/zyUEjs

Ringel O, Vieillard V, Debré P, Eichler J, Büning H, et al. The Hard Way towards an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Env Vaccine: Lessons from Other Viruses. Viruses. 2018; 15: 10. E197. Ref.: https://goo.gl/opGgDn