The use of Allergoids and Adjuvants in Allergen Immunotherapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.aaai.1001006Keywords:
Allergens, Allergoid, Allergists, Bioengineering, Hypersensitivity, Immunologic desensitization, Immune system, Polymerization, Precision medicineAbstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the unique curative treatment to help allergic patients to get over their allergies. With a personalized approach, AIT is the best example of precision medicine. After a century of intensive studies and innovative discoveries, allergists have in their hands many tools to orchestrate the best strategy to re-educate the hypersensitive immune systems that decrease the quality of life of their patients. This review describes both the historical and the promising acquisitions in this field, focusing the biochemical and Bioengineering tools that render an allergen more suitable for a secure, convenient and effective immunotherapy.References
Akdis CA, Akdis Mb. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127: 18-27. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tfh5HN
Curtis H. The immunization treatment of hay fever. JAMA. 1902; 39: 1267-1268. Ref.: https://goo.gl/djxtrJ
Besredka A. De l'anaphylaxie. Sixiéme memoire de l'anaphylaxie lactique. Ann Inst Pasteur. 1909; 23: 166-174.
Cobbold SP, Li XC. Translating Tolerogenic Therapies to the Clinic. Where Do We Stand and What are the Barriers? Front Immunol. 2012; 3: 317. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5sV5St
Faria AM, Weiner HL. Oral tolerance. Immunol Rev. 2005; 206: 232-259. Ref.: https://goo.gl/R7ZrtR
Verheggen BG, Westerhout KY, Schreder CH, Augustin M. Health economic comparison of SLIT allergen and SCIT allergoid immunotherapy in patients with seasonal grass-allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Germany. Clin Transl Allergy. 2015; 5: 1. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ySkzNy
Winther L, Arnved J, Malling HJ, Nolte H, Mosbech H. Side-effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy. A prospective multi-centre study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006; 36: 254-260. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7P6pG1
Olivier CE, Lima RPS, Argentão DGP, Silva MDd, Santos RAPG, et al. Group-specific Multi-allergen Sublingual/Swallow Immunotherapy Improves the Quality of Life of Polysensitized Children and Adults with Allergic Rhinitis. Journal of Allergy & Therapy. 2013; 4: 148. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3YGw5T
Klimek L, Bachmann MF, Senti G, Kündig TM. Immunotherapy of type-1 allergies with virus-like particles and CpG-motifsExpert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014; 10: 1059-1067. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8BU7dK
Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, Calabria C, Chacko T, et al. Allergen immunotherapy: A practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127: 1-55. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DMZKZX
Palomares O, Martin-Fontecha M, Lauener R, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Cavkaytar O, et al. Regulatory T cells and immune regulation of allergic diseases: roles of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Genes Immun. 2014; 15: 511-520. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rRUDoJ
Bohle B, Kinaciyan T, Gerstmayr M, Radakovics A, Jahn-Schmid B, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy induces IL-10-producing T regulatory cells, allergen-specific T-cell tolerance, and immune deviation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007; 120: 707-713. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9d5zKm
van Neerven RJ, Knol EF, Ejrnaes A, Würtzen PA. IgE-Mediated Allergen Presentation and Blocking Antibodies: Regulation of T-Cell Activation in Allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2006; 141: 119-129. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WEn3nJ
van de Veen W, Akdis M. Role of IgG4 in IgE-mediated allergic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138: 1434-1435. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xBamCk
van de Veen W, Stanic B, Wirz OF, Jansen K, Globinska A, et al. Role of regulatory B cells in immune tolerance to allergens and beyond. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138: 654-665. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RkAGsz
Noval Rivas M, Chatila TA. Regulatory T cells in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138: 639-652. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KTJB9v
Till SJ, Francis JN, Nouri-Aria K, Durham SR. Mechanisms of immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004; 113: 1025-1034. Ref.: https://goo.gl/aG2qBv
Favre L, Spertini F, Corthesy B. Secretory IgA Possesses Intrinsic Modulatory Properties Stimulating Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses. J Immunol. 2005; 175: 2793-2800. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Tvr6jn
Aalberse RC, Schuurman J. IgG4 breaking the rules. Immunology. 2002; 105: 9-19. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XCMzQS
Focke M, Swoboda I, Marth K, Valenta R. Developments in allergen-specific immunotherapy: from allergen extracts to allergy vaccines bypassing allergen-specific immunoglobulin E and T cell reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010; 40: 385-397. Ref.: https://goo.gl/pxwjA8
Himly M, Carnes J, Fernandez-Caldas E, Briza P, Ferreira F. Characterization of allergoids. Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesinstitut Impfstoffe Biomed Arzneim Langen Hess. 2009; 96: 61-69. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Kmp9mY
Maasch H, Marsh D. Standardized extracts modified allergens-allergoids. Clin Rev Allergy. 1987; 5: 89-106. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2DJnDL
Loewenstein E. Über aktive Schutzimpfung bei Tetanus durch Toxoide. Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten. 1909; 62: 491-508. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XQMVkW
Bousquet J, Maasch HJ, Hejjaoui A, Skassa-Brociek W, Wahl Rd, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids: III. Efficacy and safety of unfractionated and high-molecular-weight preparations in rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989; 84: 546-556. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZZ83hP
Valenta R, Ferreira F, Focke-Tejkl M, Linhart B, Niederberger V, et al. From Allergen Genes to Allergy Vaccines. Annu Rev Immunol. 2010; 28: 211-241. Ref.: https://goo.gl/is9XQy
Heath M, Bell A, Skinner M, Bullimore AD. Molecular Fingerprinting of Complex Allergoids. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2016; 137: 405. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3hn6tp
Starchenka S, Bell AJ, Mwange J, Skinner MA, Heath MD. Molecular fingerprinting of complex grass allergoids: size assessments reveal new insights in epitope repertoires and functional capacities. World Allergy Organ J. 2017; 10: 17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/z1eanS
Heath M, Starchenka S, Bell A, Skinner M. Structural and immunological characterisation of a broad-spectrum grass allergoid vaccine. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2017; 139: 259. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9cLRVL
Marsh DG, Lichtenstein LM, Campbell DH. Studies on `allergoids' prepared from naturally occurring allergens: I. Assay of allergenicity and antigenicity of formalinized rye Group I component. Immunology. 1970; 18: 705-722. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ni95rP
Distler A, Pappelendam D. 13-year overview of serious adverse drug reactions following subcutaneous specific immunotherapy with a chemically modified allergen preparation. Allergo J Int. 2015; 24: 294-302. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XMYanV
Pickl WF. The Value of Identifying Major T Cell Epitopes of Clinically Important Allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012; 160: 4-6. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UU2kBk
Campbell JD, Buckland KF, McMillan SJ, Kearley J, Oldfield WLG, et al. Peptide immunotherapy in allergic asthma generates IL-10“dependent immunological tolerance associated with linked epitope suppression. J Exp Med. 2009; 206: 1535-1547. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ksBJbT
Campana R, Moritz K, Marth K, Neubauer A, Huber H, et al. Frequent occurrence of T cell-mediated late reactions revealed by atopy patch testing with hypoallergenic rBet v 1 fragments. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 137: 601-609. Ref.: https://goo.gl/SHUYhp
Ferreira F, Wolf M, Wallner M. Molecular Approach to Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy. Yonsei Med J. 2014; 55: 839-852. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oT5eqW
Flower DR. Advances in Predicting and Manipulating the Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics and Vaccines. BioDrugs. 2009; 23: 231-240. Ref.: https://goo.gl/hkWfmH
Olivier CE, Argentão DGP, Santos RAPG, Silva MD, Lima RPS, et al. Skin scrape test: an inexpensive and painless skin test for recognition of immediate hypersensitivity in children and adults. The Open Allergy Journal. 2013; 6: 9-17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XHJx2z
Olivier CE, Argentão DG, Santos Lima RP, Santos RAGP, Fabbri N. Assessment of allergen-induced respiratory hyperresponsiveness before the prescription of a specific immunotherapy. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2015; 6: 89-93. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tJcbVM
Gioacchino MD, Cavallucci E, Ballone E, Cervone M, Rocco PD, et al. Dose-Dependent Clinical and Immunological Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy with Mite Monomeric Allergoid. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2012; 25: 671-679. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xrDSio
Iraola V, Gallego MT, Lopez-Matas MA, Morales M, Bel I, et al. Immunogenicity of Phleum pratense depigmented allergoid vaccines: experimental study in rabbits. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012; 22: 35-40. Ref.: https://goo.gl/crE4xR
Olivier CE, Lima RPS, Pinto DG, Santos RAPG, Silva GKM, et al. In search of a tolerance-induction strategy for cow's milk allergies: significant reduction of beta-lactoglobulin allergenicity via transglutaminase/cysteine polymerization. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012; 67: 1171-1179. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AS4Ntz
Egger M, Jürets A, Wallner M, Briza P, Ruzek S, et al. Assessing Protein Immunogenicity with a Dendritic Cell Line-Derived Endolysosomal Degradome. PLoS One. 2011; 6: 17278. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5Ytj7Y
Thomson DMP. Assessment of immune status by the leukocyte adherence inhibition test. New York: Academic Press; 1982. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CoMKWN
Vanto T, Smogorzewska EM, Viander M, Kalimo K, Koivikko A. Leukocyte migration inhibition test in children with cow milk allergy. Allergy 1987; 42: 612-618. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gHfAHJ
Moingeon P. Adjuvants for allergy vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012; 8: 1492-1498. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UbMQjZ
Häfner D, Gödicke V, Narkus A. Allergen specific immunotherapy has no influence on standard chemistry and hematology laboratory parameters in clinical studies. Clin Transl Allergy. 2014; 4: 18. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qsWcvj
Buczyłko K, van der Werf JF, Boot D, van Ree R. Accelerated Up-Dosing of Subcutaneous Immunotherapy with a Registered Allergoid Birch Pollen Preparation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2017; 172: 183-186. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ACPT69
Pfaar O, Lang S, Pieper-Fürst U, Astvatsatourov A, Gerich F, et al. Ultra-short-course booster is effective in recurrent grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Allergy. 2017; 4: 13240. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tHDXJu
Chaker AM, Al-Kadah B, Luther U, Neumann U, Wagenmann M. An accelerated dose escalation with a grass pollen allergoid is safe and well-tolerated: a randomized open label phase II trial. Clin Transl Allergy. 2016; 6: 4. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Be7XLh
Morais-Almeida M, Arêde C, Sampaio G, Borrego LM. Ultrarush schedule of subcutaneous immunotherapy with modified allergen extracts is safe in paediatric age. Asia Pac Allergy. 2016; 6: 35-42. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PeD17K
Noon L. Prophylatic inoculation against hay fever. The Lancet 1911; 177:1572-1573. Ref.: https://goo.gl/v9EHqm
Cooke RA, Veer AV. Human Sensitization. The Journal of Immunology. 1916; 1: 201-305. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XBU9FK
Schloss OM. A Case of Allergy to Common Foods. Am J Dis Child 1983; 41:249-252. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VHAoEQ
Coca AF. Studies in Specific Hypersensitiveness V. The Preparation of Fluid Extracts and Solutions for Use in the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Allergies with Notes on the Collection of Pollens. The Journal of Immunology. 1922; 7: 163-178. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VmhWy6
Van Metre Jr TE, Rosenberg GL, Vaswani SK, Ziegler SR, Adkinson NF. Pain and dermal reaction caused by injected glycerin in immunotherapy solutions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996; 97: 1033-1039. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fvcFoV
Daigle BJ, Rekkerth DJ. Practical recommendations for mixing allergy immunotherapy extracts. Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2015; 6: 1-7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GQ266R
Slater JE, Menzies SL, Bridgewater J, Mosquera A, Zinderman CE, et al. The US Food and Drug Administration review of the safety and effectiveness of nonstandardized allergen extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 129: 1014-1019. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jT6dv2
Fernández-Caldas E, Gallego M, Carnés J, Iraola V. Enzymatic Activity of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extracts after acidic treatment. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008; 145: 298-304. Ref.: https://goo.gl/azdfme
Iraola VM, Leonor JR, Morales M, López Matas MA, Gallego MT, Carnés J. Enzymatic Activity of Grass Native Allergenic Extracts Is Eliminated in Depigmented Allergoids. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2013; 131: 110. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Eei5fQ
Pfaar O, Sager A, Robinson DS. Safety and effect on reported symptoms of depigmented polymerized allergen immunotherapy: a retrospective study of 2927 paediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015; 26: 280-286. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EGN6rz
Johansen P, Senti G, Gómez JMM, Wüthrich B, Bot A, et al. Heat denaturation, a simple method to improve the immunotherapeutic potential of allergens. Eur J Immunol. 2005; 35: 3591-3598. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9ryW7X
Davis PJ, Williams SC. Protein modification by thermal processing. Allergy. 1998; 53: 102-105. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nxXkWm
Hildebrandt S, Kratzin HD, Schaller R, Fritsché R, Steinhart H, et al. In Vitro Determination of the Allergenic Potential of Technologically Altered Hen's Egg. J Agric Food Chem. 2008; 56: 1727-1733. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Jhm5Bs
Kim JS, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Sicherer SH, Noone S, Moshier EL, et al. Dietary baked milk accelerates the resolution of cow's milk allergy in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128: 125-131. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LtRSCy
Beyer K, Morrow E, Li XM, Bardina L, Bannon GA, et al. Effects of cooking methods on peanut allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 107: 1077-1081. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oXEDkY
Naterman HL. Formalinized pollen tannate in desensitization treatment. J Allergy. 1957; 28: 76-83. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YTt7cF
Ishizaka K, Okudaira H, King TP. Immunogenic Properties of Modified Antigen E - II. Ability of Urea-Denatured Antigen and alpha-Polypeptide Chain to Prime T Cells Specific for Antigen E. J Immunol. 1975; 114: 110-115. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yFPnWF
Marsh DG, Norman PS, Roebber M, Lichtenstein LM. Studies on allergoids from naturally occurring allergens III. Preparation of ragweed pollen allergoids by aldehyde modification in two steps. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981; 68: 449-459. Ref.: https://goo.gl/V65UeX
Avrameas S. Coupling of enzymes to proteins with glutaraldehyde. Immunochemistry. 1969; 6: 43-52.
Avrameas S, Ternynck T. The Cross-linking of Proteins with Glutaraldehyde and its use for the preparation of immunoadsorbents. Immunochemistry. 1969; 6: 53-66. Ref.: https://goo.gl/65CFhq
Haddad ZH, Marsh DG, Campbell DH. Studies on "allergoids" prepared from naturally occurring allergens II. Evaluation of allergenicity and assay of antigenicity of formalinized mixed grass pollen extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1972; 49: 197-209. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jn2uPK
Urry ZL, Richards DF, Black C, Morales M, Carnes J, et al. Depigmented-polymerised allergoids favour regulatory over effector T cells: enhancement by 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. BMC Immunol. 2014; 15: 21. Ref.: https://goo.gl/PzdNDC
Casanovas M, Gómez MJ, Carnés J, Fernández-Caldas E. Skin tests with native, depigmented and glutaraldehyde polymerized allergen extracts. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol. 2005; 15: 30-36. Ref.: https://goo.gl/uU5k4H
Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM, Marsh DG. Studies on allergoids from naturally occurring allergens. IV. Efficacy and safety of long-term allergoid treatment of ragweed hay fever. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981; 68: 460-470. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fs4jrx
Kalinski P, Lebre MC, Kramer D, De Jong EC, Van Schijndel JW, et al. Analysis of the CD4+ T cell responses to house dust mite allergoid. Allergy. 2003; 58: 648-656. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yAjJuU
Salgado J, Casadevall G, Puigneró V, Queralt J. Characterization of Allergoids from Ovalbumin in vitro and in vivo. Immunobiology. 1996; 196: 375-386. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nBiK4B
Patterson R, Suszko IM, McIntire FC. Polymerized Ragweed Antigen E I. Preparation and Immunologic Studies. J Immunol. 1973; 110: 1402-1412. Ref.: https://goo.gl/us2gBc
Patterson R, Suszko IM, Pruzansky JJ, Zeiss CR. Polymerized Ragweed Antigen E II. In vivo Elimination Studies and Reactivity with IgE Antibody Systems. J Immunol. 1973; 110: 1413-1418. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Kioi5r
Patterson R, Suszko IM, Pruzansky JJ, Zeiss CR, Metzger WJ, et al. Polymerization of mixtures of grass allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1977; 59: 314-319. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LNeHnw
Gallego MT, Iraola V, Himly M, Robinson DS, Badiola C, et al. Depigmented and polymerised house dust mite allergoid: allergen content, induction of IgG4 and clinical response. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2010; 153: 61-69. Ref.: https://goo.gl/N1GRGR
HayGlass KT, Strejan GH. Antigen- and IgE class-specific suppression mediated by T suppressor cells of mice treated with glutaraldehyde-polymerized ovalbumin. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1983; 71: 23-31. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eSGzdA
Morales M, Gallego M, Iraola V, Taulés M, de Oliveira E, et al. In vitro evidence of efficacy and safety of a polymerized cat dander extract for allergen immunotherapy. BMC Immunol. 2017; 18: 10. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ovxFDV
Heydenreich B, Bellinghausen I, Lorenz S, Henmar H, Strand D, et al. Reduced in vitro T-cell responses induced by glutaraldehyde-modified allergen extracts are caused mainly by retarded internalization of dendritic cells. Immunology. 2012; 136: 208-217. Ref.: https://goo.gl/aNcFTJ
Villas-Boas MB, Vieira KP, Trevizan G, Zollner RL, Netto FM. The effect of transglutaminase-induced polymerization in the presence of cysteine on beta-lactoglobulin antigenicity. Int Dairy J. 2010; 20: 386-392. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RdN37z
Hendrix S, Zeiss CR, Suszko I, Levitz D, Patterson R. Polymerized whole ragweed: An improved method of immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1978; 62: 289-294. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vvK5Ys
Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, Gentili M, Zanoni D, Falagiani P. Modified par j I allergen from P. judaica pollen and its rate of absorption in rats. Immunol Lett. 1994; 40: 31-36. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BrLzif
Akdis CA, Barlan IB, Bahceciler N, Akdis M. Immunological mechanisms of sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy. 2006; 61: 11-14. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qixFuZ
Manzano AI, Javier Cañada F, Cases B, Sirvent S, Soria I, et al. Structural studies of novel glycoconjugates from polymerized allergens (allergoids) and mannans as allergy vaccines. Glycoconj J. 2016; 33: 93-101. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5wwQQR
Roger A, Depreux N, Jurgens Y, Heath MD, Garcia G, et al. A novel and well tolerated mite allergoid subcutaneous immunotherapy: evidence of clinical and immunologic efficacy. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2014; 2: 92-98. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kG9DuY
Gokmen NM, Ersoy R, Gulbahar O, Ardeniz O, Sin A, et al. Desensitization effect of preseasonal seven-injection allergoid immunotherapy with olive pollen on basophil activation: the efficacy of olive pollen-specific preseasonal allergoid immunotherapy on basophils. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2012; 159: 75-82. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GvwL8J
Pfaar O, Sager A, Robinson DS. Safety and effect on reported symptoms of depigmented-polymerised allergen immunotherapy: a retrospective study of 2927 paediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2015. 26: 280-286. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cUsWgY
Lozano J, Cruz MJ, Piquer M, Giner MT, Plaza AM. Assessing the Efficacy of Immunotherapy with a Glutaraldehyde-Modified House Dust Mite Extract in Children by Monitoring Changes in Clinical Parameters and Inflammatory Markers in Exhaled Breath. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014; 165: 140-147. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QsZAFC
Weinberger EE, Himly M, Myschik J, Hauser M, Altmann F, et al. Generation of hypoallergenic neoglycoconjugates for dendritic cell targeted vaccination: a novel tool for specific immunotherapy. J Control Release. 2013; 165: 101-109. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mL2YMf
Aboumahmoud R, Savello P. Crosslinking of Whey Protein by Transglutaminase. J Dairy Sci. 1990; 73: 256-263. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tv8YTK
Jaros D, Partschefeld C, Henle T, Rohm H. Transglutaminase in dairy products: chemistry, physics, applications. J Texture Studies. 2006; 37: 113-155. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2pWLyW
Cozzolino A, Di Pierro P, Mariniello L, Sorrentino A, Masi P, et al. Incorporation of whey proteins into cheese curd by using transglutaminase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003; 38: 289-295. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8inU3j
Eissa AS, Puhl C, Kadla JF, Khan SA. Enzymatic Cross-Linking of β-Lactoglobulin: conformational properties using FTIR Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules. 2006; 7: 1707-1713. Ref.: https://goo.gl/6aovxp
Greenberg CS, Birckbichler PJ, Rice RH. Transglutaminases: multifunctional cross-linking enzymes that stabilize tissues. FASEB J. 1991; 5: 3071-3077. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wGyHFm
Pedersen MH, Hansen TK, Sten E, Seguro K, Ohtsuka T, et al. Evaluation of the potential allergenicity of the enzyme microbial transglutaminase using the 2001 FAO/WHO Decision Tree. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2004; 48: 434-440. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2v1ghj
Olivier CE, Villas-Boas MB, Netto FM, Zollner RL. Allergenicity of Bos d 5 in Children with Cow’s Milk Allergy is Reduced by Transglutaminase Polymerization. Ped Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 2012; 25: 30-33. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7BUHna
Giosafatto CVL, Rigby NM, Wellner N, Ridout M, Husband F, et al. Microbial transglutaminase-mediated modification of ovalbumin. Food Hydrocolloids. 2012; 26: 261-267. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rN9PMM
Villas-Boas MB, Fernandes MA, Zollner RdL, Netto FM. Effect of polymerization with transglutaminase on in vitro digestion and antigenicity of beta-lactoglobulin. Int Dairy J. 2012; 25: 123-131. Ref.: https://goo.gl/G3vyy9
Damodaran S, Li Y. A two-step enzymatic modification method to reduce immuno-reactivity of milk proteins. Food Chem. 2017; 237: 724-732. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rY5ZmP
Mistrello G, Brenna O, Roncarolo D, Zanoni D, Gentili M, et al. Monomeric chemically modified allergens: Immunologic and physicochemical characterization. Allergy. 1996; 51: 8-15. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WRFJAf
Nguyen NT, Raskopf E, Shah-Hosseini K, Zadoyan G, Mösges R. A review of allergoid immunotherapy: is cat allergy a suitable target? Immunotherapy. 2016; 8: 331-349. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CvSvQ2
Lombardi C, Gargioni S, Melchiorre A, Tiri A, Falagiani P, et al. Safety of sublingual immunotherapy with monomeric allergoid in adults: multicenter post-marketing surveillance study. Allergy. 2001; 56: 989-992. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TL2Egx
Hüser C, Dieterich P, Singh J, Shah-Hosseini K, Allekotte S, et al. A 12-week DBPC dose-finding study with sublingual monomeric allergoid tablets in house dust mite-allergic patients. Allergy. 2016; 72: 77-84. Ref.: https://goo.gl/F8svNS
Scalone G, Compalati E, Bruno ME, Mistrello G. Effect of two doses of carbamylated allergoid extract of dust mite on nasal reactivity. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 45: 193-200. Ref.: https://goo.gl/f3dJcX
Mösges R, Ritter B, Kayoko G, Passali D, Allekotte S. Carbamylated monomeric allergoids as a therapeutic option for sublingual immunotherapy of dust mite- and grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: a systematic review of published trials with a meta-analysis of treatment using Lais® tablets. Acta Dermatovenerologica APA. 2010; 19: 3-10. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vfJ3Nr
Hüser C, Dieterich P, Singh J, Shah-Hosseini K, Allekotte S, et al. A 12‐week DBPC dose‐finding study with sublingual monomeric allergoid tablets in house dust mite‐allergic patients. Allergy. 2017; 72: 77-84. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rFyDj8
Agostinis F, Tellarini L, Canonica GW, Falagiani P, Passalacqua G. Safety of sublingual immunotherapy with a monomeric allergoid in very young children. Allergy 2005; 60:133. Ref.: https://goo.gl/za4oTu
D'Anneo RW, Arena A, Gammeri E, Bruno ME, Falagiani P, et al. Parietaria sublingual allergoid immunotherapy with a co-seasonal treatment schedule. Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 2008; 45: 79-84. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wWRmKK
Shershakova N, Bashkatova E, Babakhin A, Andreev S, Nikonova A, et al. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy with Monomeric Allergoid in a Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4jHorH
Zivny JH, Moldoveanu Z, Vu HL, Russell MW, Mestecky J, et al. Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance to Food Antigens in Humans. Clin Immunol. 2001; 101: 158-68. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kEtK3Z
Larché M. Immunotherapy with Allergen Peptides. Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical . 2007; 3: 53-59. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Fm56Pw
Geysen HM, Rodda SJ, Mason TJ. A priori delineation of a peptide which mimics a discontinuous antigenic determinant. Mol Immunol. 1986; 23:7 09-715. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jQ4C6E
Sibilano R, Frossi B, Pucillo CE. Mast cell activation: A complex interplay of positive and negative signaling pathways. Eur J Immunol. 2014; 44: 2558-2566. Ref.: https://goo.gl/hwVx3J
Lambrakis P, Rushworth GF, Adamson J, Leslie SJ. Aspirin hypersensitivity and desensitization protocols: implications for cardiac patients Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2011; 2: 263-270. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LvKewX
Morris DL. Intradermal testing and sublingual desensitization for nickel. Cutis 1998; 61: 129-132. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DQGo1H
Majewska-Szczepanik M, Strzepa A, Drozynska I, Motyl S, Banach T, et al. Epicutaneous immunization with hapten-conjugated protein antigen alleviates contact sensitivity mediated by three different types of effector cells. Pharmacological Reports 2012; 64: 919-926. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XRUjXN
Gadermaier E, James LK, Shamji MH, Blatt K, Fauland K, et al. Epitope specificity determines cross-protection of a SIT-induced IgG(4) antibody. Allergy. 2016; 71: 36-46. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZCuqWf
Luzar J, Štrukelj B, Lunder M. Phage display peptide libraries in molecular allergology: from epitope mapping to mimotope-based immunotherapy. Allergy. 2016; 71: 1526-1532. Ref.: https://goo.gl/hWW7N1
Olivier CE. Food Allergy. J Aller Ther. 2013; S3: 1-7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ztUVpk
Untersmayr E, Scholl I, Swoboda I, Beil WJ, Forster-Waldl E, et al. Antacid medication inhibits digestion of dietary proteins and causes food allergy: a fish allergy model in BALB/c mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003; 112: 616-623. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2gZ5Tt
Pecquet S, Bovetto L, Maynard F, Fritsché R. Peptides obtained by tryptic hydrolysis of bovine Beta-lactoglobulin induce specific oral tolerance in mice J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 105: 514-521. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dVhfQg
Astwood JD, Leach JN, Fuchs RL. Stability of food allergens to digestion in vitro. Nat Biotechnol. 1996; 14: 1269-1273. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GQP8Es
Lucas JS, Cochrane SA, Warner JO, Hourihane JO. The effect of digestion and pH on the allergenicity of kiwifruit proteins. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008; 19: 392-398. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dFfop6
Untersmayr E, Poulsen LK, Platzer MH, Pedersen MH, Boltz-Nitulescu, et al. The effects of gastric digestion on codfish allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005; 115: 377-382. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NG5TLA
Olivier CE, Lima RPdS, Argentão DGP, Silva MDd, Santos RAPGd, et al. The immunodominant allergen of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)is a 100-kDa protein susceptible to pepsin digestion in four fish-allergic Brazilian patients. Braz J Aller Immunol. 2015; 3: 261-265.
Tavano OL. Protein hydrolysis using proteases: An important tool for food biotechnology. J Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 2013; 90: 1-11. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EvVYov
Fritsché R. Induction of oral tolerance to cow's milk proteins in rats fed with a whey protein hydrolysate. Nutrition Research. 1998; 18: 1335-1341. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EBUExX
Hacini-Rachinel F, Vissers YM, Doucet-Ladevéze R, Blanchard C, Demont A, et al. Low-Allergenic Hydrolyzed Egg Induces Oral Tolerance in Mice. Int Arch Aller Immunol. 2014; 164: 64-73. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9wLxku
Esch BCAMv, Schouten B, Kivit Sd, Hofman GA, Knippels, et al. Oral tolerance induction by partially hydrolyzed whey protein in mice is associated with enhanced numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011; 22: 820-826. Ref.: https://goo.gl/srhqbU
Fritsché R, Pahud JJ, Pecquet S, Pfeifer A. Induction of systemic immunologic tolerance to beta-lactoglobulin by oral administration of a whey protein hydrolysate. J Aller Clinical Immunol. 1997; 100: 266-273. Ref.: https://goo.gl/c2fyT5
Yang M, Yang C, Nau Fo, Pasco M, Juneja LR, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects of Egg White Enzymatic Hydrolysates Containing Immunodominant Epitopes in a BALB/c Mouse Model of Egg Allergy. J Agricul Food Chem. 2009; 57: 2241-2248. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mRDpFG
Vaarala O, Saukkonen T, Savilahti E, Klemola T, Akerblom HK. Development of immune response to cow's milk proteins in infants receiving cow's milk or hydrolyzed formula. J Aller Clinical Immunol. 1995; 96: 917-923. Ref.: https://goo.gl/z37dcz
Lanzavecchia A, Frühwirth A, Perez L, Corti D. Antibody-guided vaccine design: identification of protective epitopes. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016; 41: 62-67. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HFZHaL
de Lalla C, Sturniolo T, Abbruzzese L, Hammer J, Sidoli A, et al. Identification of Novel T Cell Epitopes in Lol p5a by Computational Prediction. J Immunol. 1999; 163: 1725-1729. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1yX5Wf
Nielsen M, Lundegaard C, Worning P, Hvid CS, Lamberth K, et al. Improved prediction of MHC class I and class II epitopes using a novel Gibbs sampling approach. Bioinformatics. 2004; 20: 1388-1397. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Nb2Wkr
Dhiraj H, Paul RY, David PF. Current status of short synthetic peptides as vaccines. Med Chem. 2006; 2: 627-646. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jmXwPN
Merrifield RB. Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. I. The Synthesis of a Tetrapeptide. J American Chem Society. 1963; 85: 2149-2154. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AiZywi
Geysen HM, Meloen RH, Barteling SJ. Use of peptide synthesis to probe viral antigens for epitopes to a resolution of a single amino acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984; 81: 3998-4002. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tVhwS6
Sumar N. Multiple pin peptide scanning ("Pepscan"). In: Westwood OMR, Hay FC, editors. Epitope mapping -A Pratical approach. 2001; 17-42.
Roggero MA, Servis C, Corradin G. A simple and rapid procedure for the purification of synthetic polypeptides by a combination of affinity chromatography and methionine chemistry. Febs Letters. 1997; 408: 285-288. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QEJADG
Fellrath J-M, Kettner A, Dufour N, Frigerio C, Schneeberger D, et al. Allergen-specific T-cell tolerance induction with allergen-derived long synthetic peptides: Results of a phase I trial. J Aller Clinical Immunol. 2003; 111: 854-861. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bZMnZ3
Maguire P, Nicodemus C, Robinson D, Aaronson D, Umetsu DT. The Safety and Efficacy of ALLERVAX CAT in Cat Allergic Patients. Clin Immunol. 1999; 93: 222-231. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qL1TrV
Norman PS, Jr JLO, Long AA, Creticos PS, Gefter MA, et al. Treatment of cat allergy with T-cell reactive peptides. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996; 154: 1623-1628. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qZhkSs
Müller U, Akdis CA, Fricker M, Akdis M, Blesken T, et al. Successful immunotherapy with T-cell epitope peptides of bee venom phospholipase A2 induces specific T-cell anergy in patients allergic to bee venom. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998; 101: 747-754. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7wStu9
Marcotte GV, Braun CM, Norman PS, Nicodemus CF, Kagey-Sobotka A, et al. Effects of peptide therapy on ex vivo T-cell responses. J Allergy Clinical Immunol. 1998; 101: 506-513. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mkckrx
Oldfield WLG, Larché M, Kay AB. Effect of T-cell peptides derived from Fel d 1 on allergic reactions and cytokine production in patients sensitive to cats: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet . 2002; 360: 47-53. Ref.: https://goo.gl/t7S4qT
Pellaton C, Perrin Y, Boudousquié C, Barbier N, Wassenberg J, et al. Novel birch pollen specific immunotherapy formulation based on contiguous overlapping peptides. Clinical and Translational Allergy. 2013; 3: 17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9aaBXc
Spertini F, Perrin Y, Audran R, Pellaton C, Boudousquié C, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of immunotherapy with Bet v 1 derived contiguous overlapping peptides. J Aller Clinical Immunol. 2014; 134: 239-240. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qPPi38
Spertini F, DellaCorte G, Kettner A, de Blay F, Jacobsen L, et al. Efficacy of 2 months of allergen-specific immunotherapy with Bet v 1-derived contiguous overlapping peptides in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: Results of a phase IIb study. J Aller Clinical Immunol. 2016; 138: 162-168. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WidJ2w
Stephen SL, Sivanandam VG, Kochanek S. Homologous and heterologous recombination between adenovirus vector DNA and chromosomal DNA. J Gene Medicine. 2008; 10: 1176-1189. Ref.: https://goo.gl/gaCZho
Chen K-W, Blatt K, Thomas WR, Swoboda I, Valent P, et al. Hypoallergenic Der p 1/Der p 2 combination vaccines for immunotherapy of house dust mite allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 130: 435-443. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5DfTFL
Bouchaud G, Braza F, Chesnà J, Lair D, Chen K-W, et al. Prevention of allergic asthma through Der p 2 peptide vaccination. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 136: 197-200. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LcWHqr
Ferreira F, Hirthenlehner K, Briza P, Breiteneder H, Scheiner O, et al. Isoforms of atopic allergens with reduced allergenicity but conserved T cell antigenicity: possible use for specific immunotherapy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1997; 113: 125-127. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mFwSYP
Zaborsky N, Brunner M, Wallner M, Himly M, Karl T, et al. Antigen Aggregation Decides the Fate of the Allergic Immune Response. J Immunol. 2010; 184: 725-735. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1rHNJ9
Chen KW, Focke-Tejkl M, Blatt K, Kneidinger M, Gieras A, et al. Carrier-bound nonallergenic Der p 2 peptides induce IgG antibodies blocking allergen-induced basophil activation in allergic patients. Allergy. 2012; 67: 609-621. Ref.: https://goo.gl/zWFxLB
Wiedermann U, Jahn-Schmid B, Lindblad M, Rask C, Holmgren J, et al. Suppressive versus stimulatory effects of allergen/cholera toxoid (CTB) conjugates depending on the nature of the allergen in a murine model of type I allergy. Int Immunol. 1999; 11: 1131-1138. Ref.: https://goo.gl/aVLbpH
Cornelius C, Schöneweis K, Georgi F, Weber M, Niederberger V, et al. Immunotherapy With the PreS-based Grass Pollen Allergy Vaccine BM32 Induces Antibody Responses Protecting Against Hepatitis B Infection. EBioMedicine. 2016; 11: 58-67. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rLFeci
Pichler U, Hauser M, Hofer H, Himly M, Hoflehner E, et al. Allergen hybrids - next generation vaccines for Fagales pollen immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014; 44: 438-449. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9mMJCs
Wheeler AW, Woroniecki SR. Immunological adjuvants in allergy vaccines: Past, present future. Int Allergology. 2001; 50: 295-301. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jBGBMZ
Apostolopoulos V, Thalhammer T, Tzakos AG, Stojanovska L. Targeting Antigens to Dendritic Cell Receptors for Vaccine Development. J Drug Deliv. 2013; 2013: 869718. Ref.: https://goo.gl/a4ox2r
Kahlert H, Grage-Griebenow E, Stuwe HT, Cromwell O, Fiebig H. T Cell Reactivity with Allergoids: Influence of the type of APC. J Immunol. 2000; 165: 1807-1815. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ymnx54
Vlad G, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. License to Heal: Bidirectional Interaction of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells and Tolerogenic APC. J Immunol. 2005; 174: 5907-5914. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YHdjsz
Salazar F, Sewell HF, Shakib F, Ghaemmaghami AM. The role of lectins in allergic sensitization and allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 132: 27-36. Ref.: https://goo.gl/fU5z6h
Figdor CG, van Kooyk Y, Adema GJ. C-type lectin receptors on dendritic cells and langerhans cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002; 2: 77-84. Ref.: https://goo.gl/sjqHYs
Leroux-Roels G, Marchant A, Levy J, Van Damme P, Schwarz TF, et al. Impact of adjuvants on CD4+ T cell and B cell responses to a protein antigen vaccine: Results from a phase II, randomized, multicenter trial. Clin Immunol. 2016; 169: 16-27. Ref.: https://goo.gl/G9jYkn
Burny W, Callegaro A, Bechtold V, Clement F, Delhaye S, et al. Different Adjuvants Induce Common Innate Pathways That Are Associated with Enhanced Adaptive Responses against a Model Antigen in Humans. Front Immunol. 2017; 8: 1-17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3Q9Ktq
Lipton MM, Freund J. The formation of complement fixing and neutralizing antibodies after the injection of inactivated rabies virus with adjuvants. J Immunol. 1950; 64: 297-303. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xVRGCs
Kearney SC, Dziekiewicz M, Feleszko W. Immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory responses of bacterial lysates in respiratory infections and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015; 114: 364-369. Ref.: https://goo.gl/z4dMdB
Ahrens B, Quarcoo D, Buhner S, Matricardi PM, Hamelmann E. Oral Administration of Bacterial Lysates Attenuates Experimental Food Allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2011; 156: 196-204. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5qMnVj
Navarro S, Cossalter G, Chiavaroli C, Kanda A, Fleury S, et al. The oral administration of bacterial extracts prevents asthma via the recruitment of regulatory T cells to the airways. Mucosal Immunol. 2011; 4: 53-65. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BBA9j2
Xu LZ, Yang LT, Qiu SQ, Yang G, Luo XQ, et al. Combination of specific allergen and probiotics induces specific regulatory B cells and enhances specific immunotherapy effect on allergic rhinitis. Oncotarget. 2016; 7: 54360-54369. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eW1XVH
Glenny AT, Barr M. The precipitation of diphtheria toxoid by potash alum. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1931; 34: 131-138. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YrCVM7
Sledge RF. Treatment of hay fever with alum-precipitated pollen extract. J Allergy. 1938; 9: 424.
Mannhalter JW, Neychev HO, Zlabinger GJ, Ahmad R, Eibl MM. Modulation of the human immune response by the non-toxic and non-pyrogenic adjuvant aluminium hydroxide: effect on antigen uptake and antigen presentation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985; 61: 143-151. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GmTjx9
Jones SK, Lovell CR, Peachey RD. Delayed onset of inflammatory nodules following hay fever desensitization injections. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1988; 13: 376-378. Ref.: https://goo.gl/iX6zbF
Castelain PY, Castelain M, Vervloet D, Garbe L, Mallet B. Sensitization to aluminium by aluminium-precipitated dust and pollen extracts. Contact Dermatitis. 1988; 19: 58-60. Ref.: https://goo.gl/aKTg4H
Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Norholm A. Aluminium allergy. Contact Dermatitis. 1986; 15: 295-297. Ref.: https://goo.gl/N5B2hf
Bondy SC, Campbell A. Oxidative and Inflammatory Properties of Aluminum: Possible Relevance in Alzheimer's Disease. In: Exley C, editor. Aluminium and Alzheimer's Disease. Amsterdam. 2001; 311-321.
Pfaar O, Hohlfeld JM, Al-Kadah B, Hauswald B, Homey B, et al. Dose‐response relationship of a new Timothy grass pollen allergoid in comparison to a 6‐grass pollen allergoid. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GgJQDz
Kepil Özdemir S, Sin BA, Güloğlu D, İkincioğulları A, Gençtürk Z, et al. Short-term preseasonal Immunotherapy: is early clinical efficacy related to the Basophil Response? Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2014; 164: 237-245. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kCQTeo
Heydenreich B, Bellinghausen I, Lund L, Henmar H, Lund G, et al. Adjuvant effects of aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed allergens and allergoids – differences in vivo and in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014; 176: 310-319. Ref.: https://goo.gl/o9UFqb
Wheeler AW, Whittall N, Spackman V, Moran DM. Adjuvant Properties of Hydrophobic Derivatives Prepared from L-Tyrosine. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1984; 75: 294-299. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MJWKBg
Wheeler AW, Moran DM, Robins BE, Driscoll A. L-Tyrosine as an Immunological Adjuvant. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1982; 69: 113-119. Ref.: https://goo.gl/h92rNb
Bell AJ, Heath MD, Hewings SJ, Skinner MA. The adsorption of allergoids and 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA®) to microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) in formulations for use in allergy immunotherapy. J Inorg Biochem. 2015; 152: 147-153. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kxR6RL
Baldrick P, Richardson D, Wheeler AW. Review of L-tyrosine confirming its safe human use as an adjuvant. J Appl Toxicol. 2002; 22: 333-344. Ref: https://goo.gl/KquyrL
Roger A, Depreux N, Jurgens Y, Serra AT, Heath MD, et al. A novel microcrystalline tyrosine-adsorbed, mite-allergoid subcutaneous immunotherapy: 1-year follow-up report. Immunotherapy. 2016; 8: 1169-1174. Ref.: https://goo.gl/z1XEj3
Sheng KC, Pouniotis DS, Wright MD, Kit Tang C, Lazoura E, et al. Mannan derivatives induce phenotypic and functional maturation of mouse dendritic cells. Immunology. 2006; 118: 372-383. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BgxzVZ
Sirvent S, Soria I, Cirauqui C, Cases B, Manzano AI, et al. Novel vaccines targeting dendritic cells by coupling allergoids to nonoxidized mannan enhance allergen uptake and induce functional regulatory Tcells through programmed death ligand 1. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 138: 558-567. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZsG57N
Beutler B, Rietschel ET. Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003; 3: 169-176. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7TFKsA
Ribi E, Parker R, Strain SM, Mizuno Y, Nowotny A, et al. Peptides as requirement for immunotherapy of the guinea-pig line-10 tumor with endotoxins. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1979; 7: 43-58. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cgrkYC
Casella CR, Mitchell TC. Putting endotoxin to work for us: monophosphoryl lipid A as a safe and effective vaccine adjuvant. Cell mol life sci. 2008; 65: 3231-3240. Ref.: https://goo.gl/hpEUEL
Baldrick P, Richardson D, Woroniecki SR, Lees B. Pollinex Quattro Ragweed: safety evaluation of a new allergy vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) for the treatment of ragweed pollen allergy. J Appl Toxicol. 2007; 27: 399-409. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tkkpqC
Baldrick P, Richardson D, Wheeler AW. Safety evaluation of a glutaraldehyde modified tyrosine adsorbed house dust mite extract containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) adjuvant: a new allergy vaccine for dust mite allergy. Vaccine. 2001; 20: 737-743. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FRiUeu
Drachenberg KJ, Wheeler AW, Stuebner P, Horak F. A well-tolerated grass pollen-specific allergy vaccine containing a novel adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, reduces allergic symptoms after only four preseasonal injections. Allergy. 2001; 56: 498-505. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Kf9F3Z
Drachenberg KJ, Heinzkill M, Urban E, Woroniecki SR. Efficacy and tolerability of short-term specific immunotherapy with pollen allergoids adjuvanted by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) for children and adolescents. Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 2003; 31: 270-277. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZaA64x
Mothes N, Heinzkill M, Drachenberg KJ, Sperr WR, Krauth MT, et al. Allergen-specific immunotherapy with a monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvanted vaccine: reduced seasonally boosted immunoglobulin E production and inhibition of basophil histamine release by therapy induced blocking antibodies. Clin Exp Allergy. 2003; 33: 1198-1208. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LuyGYX
Worm M, Ernst D, Kraller M, Babina M. The Impact on Allergy-Related Cells of a Birch Pollen Allergoid, with and without Monophosphoryl Lipid A, in Comparison with the Native Equivalent. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2017; 172: 20-26. Ref.: https://goo.gl/BrfCYj
Ellis AK, Tsitoura DC, Quint D, Powley W, Lee LA. Safety and pharmacodynamics of intranasal GSK2245035, a TLR7 agonist for allergic rhinitis: A randomized trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017; 47: 1193-1203. Ref.: https://goo.gl/E7V3Zk
Tighe H, Takabayashi K, Schwartz D, Marsden R, Beck L, et al. Conjugation of protein to immunostimulatory DNA results in a rapid, long-lasting and potent induction of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Eur J Immunol. 2000; 30: 1939-1947. Ref.: https://goo.gl/MpDKrN
Tighe H, Takabayashi K, Schwartz D, Van Nest G, Tuck S, et al. Conjugation of immunostimulatory DNA to the short ragweed allergen Amb a 1 enhances its immunogenicity and reduces its allergenicity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106: 124-134. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9VSdBW
Marshall JD, Abtahi S, Eiden JJ, Tuck S, Milley R, et al. Immunostimulatory sequence DNA linked to the Amb a 1 allergen promotes TH1 cytokine expression while downregulating TH2 cytokine expression in PBMCs from human patients with ragweed allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001; 108:191-197. Ref.: https://goo.gl/q1BnQ9
Creticos PS, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG, Balcer-Whaley SL, Khattignavong AP, et al. Immunotherapy with a ragweed-toll-like receptor 9 agonist vaccine for allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 1445-1455. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qFhJCt
Senti G, Johansen P, Haug S, Bull C, Gottschaller C, et al. Use of A-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant in allergen-specific immunotherapy in humans: a phase I/IIa clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009; 39: 562-570. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LH9iye
Levy JH. Anti-inflammatory strategies and hemostatic agents: old Drugs, new Ideas. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2007; 21: 89-101. Ref.: https://goo.gl/4ZiRhk
Alkjaersig N, Fletcher AP, Sherry S. xi-Aminocaproic acid: an inhibitor of plasminogen activation. J Biol Chem. 1959; 234: 832-837. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KCE9bW
Camões S, Mendonça I, Marinho JB. Treatment for desensitizing allergic disorders associated with oral epsilon aminocaproic acid. Patologia Geral Brazil. 1971; 56: 87-93.
Petrarca C, Clemente E, Amato V, Gatta A, Cortese S, et al. Vitamin D3 improves the effects of low dose Der p 2 allergoid treatment in Der p 2 sensitized BALB/c mice. Clin Mol Allergy. 2016; 14: 7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/U8rRhM
Kirchner B, Pfaffl MW, Dumpler J, von Mutius E, Ege MJ. microRNA in native and processed cow's milk and its implication for the farm milk effect on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 137: 1893-1895. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vpcjAa
Kosaka N, Izumi H, Sekine K, Ochiya T. microRNA as a new immune-regulatory agent in breast milk. Silence. 2010; 1: 7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cQ3Agt
Kirchner B, Pfaffl MW, Dumpler J, von Mutius E, Ege MJ. MicroRNA in native and processed cow's milk and its implication for the farm milk effect on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016; 137: 1893-1895. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ghHiR9
Baier SR, Nguyen C, Xie F, Wood JR, Zempleni J. MicroRNAs Are Absorbed in Biologically Meaningful Amounts from Nutritionally Relevant Doses of Cow Milk and Affect Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, HEK-293 Kidney Cell Cultures, and Mouse Livers. J Nutr. 2014; 144: 1495-1500. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jw262K
Melnik BC, John SM, Schmitz G. Milk: An epigenetic inducer of FoxP3 expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 138: 937-938. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oLGebX
Caubet JC, Bencharitiwong R, Ross A, Sampson HA, Berin MC, et al. Humoral and cellular responses to casein in patients with food protein-induced enterocolitis to cow's milk. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 139: 572-583. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Q2HWcD
Krook H, Hagberg A, Song Z, Landegren U, Wennberg L, et al. A distinct Th1 Immune Response Precedes the Described Th2 Response in Islet Xenograft Rejection. Diabetes. 2002; 51: 79-86. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mS1eP1
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Olivier CE. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
